Chemical Content of Agarwood

Yoneda et al. (1984) mentions that there are eight components sesquiterpena on agarwood (gaharu) from Indonesia, namely α-agarofuran, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, agarospirol, jinkohol, jinkoh-eremol, jinkohol II, kusunol, and oxo-agarospirol. Nakanishi et al. (1984) reported that there are 3 sesquiterpena which has a fragrant aroma, namely α-agarofuran, (-)-10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and oxo agarospirol. Besides sesquiterpena, Indonesia agarwood ( A. malaccensis )  contains the principal components of chromone. Chromone is what causes the scent of agarwood when burned (Burfield 2005). Konishi et al. (2002) report has identified six new derivatives Chromone that play a role in determining the fragrance of agarwood.

Chemical substances which are usually found in Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.

No	Chemicals	%
1	2-(2-(4 methoxyphenyl)ethyl)chromone	27.0
2	2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone	15.
3	oxo agarospirol	5.0
4	9,11-eremophiladien-8-one	3.0
5	6-methoxy-2(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)chormone	2.5
6	guaia-1(10),11-dien-15-al	1.5
7	selina-3,11-dien-ol	1.5
8	kusunol	1.4
9	selina-2,11-dien-14-ol	1.0
10	guaia-1(10), 11-dien-15-oic acid	1.0
11	selina-3,11-dien-9-one	0.8
12	jinko-eremol	0.7
13	selina-4,11-dien-14-al	0.7
14	dihydrokaranone	0.7
15	selina-3,11-dien-14-al	0.6
16	2-hydroxyguaia-1(10),11-dien-15-oic acid	0.4
17	b-agarfuran	0.4
18	guaia-1(10),11-dien-15-ol	0.3
19	guaia-1(10),11-dien-15,2-olide	0.3
20	selina-3,11-dien-14-oic acid	0.3
21	norketoagarfuran	0.2
22	agarspirol	0.2
23	sinenofuranol	0.2
24	selina-4,11-dien-14-oic acid	0.2
25	9-hydroxyselina-4,11-dien-14-oic acid	0.2
26	dehydrojinkoh-eremol	0.2
27	rotundone	0.1
28	a-bulnesene	0.1
29	karanone	0.1
30	a-guaiene	0.1
31	bulnesene oxide	0.1
32	guaia-1(10),11-dien-9-one	0.1
33	1,5-epoxy-norketoguaiene	0.1
	Total Source	65

Ref:

1. Ishihara et al., 1993 http://rakbankerd.com/agriculture/wb/show.php?Category=agriculture&No=312
2. Tony Burfield 2005 http://www.cropwatch.org/agarchem.htm
3. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chemical compounds of Tabat barito ( Ficus deltoidea Jack )

Tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) is an epiphytic shrub which is native and widely distributed in several countries of the Southeast Asia. It is easily found in the coastal, but not in mangrove area. Different parts of the plant are used traditionally to treat various kinds of ailments. The fruits are chewed to relieve headache, toothache and cold. Powdered root and leaves of the plant has been applied externally to wounds and sores and for relief of rheumatism . Decoction from the whole plants is well known as traditional herbal drink for women after childbirth to help strengthen the uterus . The plant sap was used to detach wart from the skin . Moreover it improves blood circulation and pharmacologically blood glucose . On the other hand, there is no report related to its chemical constituent and bioactivity.[2]

A total of 19 chemical compounds were successfully identified with the phenol 27.12 % and 2,4-bis (dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol 11.83 % as the major compounds [1]

Chemical compounds of Ficus deltoidea Jack. leaf extract

Compound	composition (%)
Phenol 2,4-Bis(dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol Cyanogen Octaethyleneglycol Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether Phthalicacid 2-Pentadecanone,6, 10, 14-trimethyl Carbonic acid 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaoxacyclooctadecane Hexagol Butanoic acid 1H-Indene,2,3-dihydro-1,1,3-trime 15-Crown-5,[2-(diethylboryl) pheny]- 4-amino-2,6-dimethyl-3-pyridyl 1-adamantanecarboxylate Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 2-methoxybenzoic acid, cyclopenthyl ester Heptadecanoic acid, 16- methyl-, methyl ester 1-propoxy-3,3-diethyltriazene 2-oxide Heptacosane	27.12 11.83 8.83 6.36 6.29 5.70 5.50 5.03 4.59 3.01 2.68 2.68 2.46 2.30 2.10 1.62 1.31 1.15 1.06
Total	100.00

This was supported by the detection of 6 chemical compounds such as phthalic acid, carbonic acid, butanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, cyclopenthyl ester and heptadecanoic acid, 16- methyl-, methyl ester that are presumably responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the plant extract

The antioxidant activity showed by this plant extract may be due to chemical compounds such as phenol and 2,4-bis (dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol that were successfully identified. These two major phenolic compounds were well known for their antioxidant activity.

Classification
Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
      Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
          Super Division: Spermatophyta (seed Produce)
              Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)
                  Class: Magnoliopsida
                      Sub Class: Dilleniidae
                          Order: Urticales
                              Family: Moraceae
                                  Genus: Ficus
                                      Species: Ficus deltoidea Jack
Common name :
Indonesia: Tabat barito
Melayu: Emas cotek, emas kotek, telinga beruk


Ref:

1. Lee Seong Wei et al. / Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature (JBAPN) 1 (1) 2011 pp 1-6
2. Suryati et al./Indo. J. Chem., 2011, 11 (1), 67 - 70